Mayagoitia et al 22 and Yang and Hsu 23 proposed a balance index that utilizes characteristic changes in the COP, as well as changes in acceleration and velocity, measured for a standing position using inertial sensors. 22– 25 Hur et al 21 proposed a balance index based on changes in the COM and COP that occur following a perturbation caused by application of loads in the posterior direction of a subject’s pelvis. 14– 17 In addition, analyses of the characteristics of changes in the center of body mass (COM), center of body pressure (COP), and range of joint motion have been carried out to evaluate balance ability from a biomechanical perspective, 18– 21 and advanced balance indices have been developed. 8– 13 Methods for improving the nervous system and musculoskeletal functions involving placing subjects on variable base planes have been widely used to prevent falling accidents by improving balance ability. Several studies have been carried out with the aim of preventing falling accidents. 7 In Korea, it has been estimated that more than 3 billion dollars are spent annually on medical treatment related to falling accidents in the elderly and, taking into consideration forecasts of changes in demographics and income levels, these medical costs are expected to increase considerably in the near future. 6 In USA, the annual medical costs associated with falling accidents for those aged over 65 years total more than 20 billion dollars. 6 In two thirds of those over 85 years, falling accidents are directly related to secondary injuries, which in some cases result in fatalities. 5 Approximately 30% of those aged 65 to 80 years and approximately 40% of those over 80 years experience falling accidents. If such injuries are severe, they can potentially result in social isolation, followed by mental health problems. 3, 4 Furthermore, secondary injuries – such as fractures, joint dislocations, concussion, and severe lacerations – may result from a fall, and can worsen or diminish the ability to perform physical activities. 2 One in three over 65 years of age suffer a fall over the course of 1 year. Keywords: balance ability, balance training, motion capture system, Kinect system, fall preventionĮlderly persons typically exhibit poor balance due to deterioration of the regulatory mechanisms of the neuromuscular system associated with aging, 1 and are at significant risk of injury due to falling. These findings show that clinical and dynamic accuracy can be achieved using the Kinect system in balance training by measuring changes in the center of body mass and flexion–extension movements of the lower limbs, but not abduction–adduction and internal–external rotation. Large differences with a low correlation were, however, observed for the lower-limb joint angle in relation to abduction–adduction and internal–external rotation motion (γ<0.40) ( P<0.05). The results for the two systems showed similarity in the mean lower-limb joint angle with flexion–extension movements, and these values were highly correlated (hip joint: within approximately 4.6° knee joint: within approximately 8.4°) (0.400.05).
The two systems yielded similar results for changes in the center of body mass ( P>0.05) with a large Pearson’s correlation coefficient of γ>0.60. The dynamic motion of the subjects was measured using two Kinect depth sensor systems and a three-dimensional motion capture system with eight infrared cameras. Movements of the participants were induced by controlling the base plane of the balance training equipment in various directions. Six healthy male adults (25.5☑.8 years, 173.9☖.4 cm, 71.4☖.5 kg, and 23.6☒.4 kg/m 2), with normal balance abilities and with no musculoskeletal disorders, were selected to participate in the experiment. Herein, we describe the use of Microsoft’s Kinect depth sensor system to evaluate balance in real time.
Several studies have investigated methods of preventing falling using real-time systems to evaluate balance however, it is difficult to monitor the results of such characterizations in real time. Dohyung Lim, 1 ChoongYeon Kim, 2 HoHyun Jung, 1 Dukyoung Jung, 3 Keyoung Jin Chun 2ġDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 2Advanced Biomedical Engineering Lab, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Cheonan, Republic of Korea 3R&D Team, Senior Products Industrial Center, Busan, Republic of KoreaĪbstract: The risk of falling increases significantly in the elderly because of deterioration of the neural musculature regulatory mechanisms.
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